Emit html background only when the source html paints one

Painting the body's color onto a transparent source html flips CSS 2.1
background propagation: body's background stops propagating to the canvas
and paints above negative-z descendants, burying full-bleed z<0 hero
backdrops under an opaque page background. Emit the html rule only when
the source html actually painted one; fall back to #ffffff only when both
html and body are transparent. Applies to the Next globals, Tailwind, and
multi-route Vite paths via shared helpers.

6 new tests; suite at 322 green.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

compiler/src/generate/app.ts

@@ -2250,10 +2250,36 @@ ${head}      <body${bodyAttrs}>
 `;
 }
 
+const TRANSPARENT_BG = "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)";
+
+/** Decide what background (if any) the clone's `html` element should paint.
+ *
+ * Per CSS 2.1 §14.2, when `html` is transparent the `body` background propagates
+ * to the canvas and paints *beneath* every descendant — including negative-z-index
+ * layers (full-bleed hero video/image/canvas backdrops). The moment `html` paints
+ * an opaque background, `body` stops propagating and paints its own in-flow block
+ * background, which sits *above* negative-z descendants and buries them.
+ *
+ * So we only give `html` a background when the SOURCE `html` actually painted one.
+ * A transparent source `html` stays transparent (returns null → no rule emitted), so
+ * the captured body background propagates to the canvas exactly as in the source.
+ * The white fallback applies only when BOTH html and body are transparent, otherwise
+ * the UA-default canvas would show through. Deterministic: pure function of the IR. */
+export function resolveHtmlBg(pv: { htmlBg?: string; bodyBg?: string } | undefined): string | null {
+  const srcHtmlBg = pv?.htmlBg && pv.htmlBg !== TRANSPARENT_BG ? pv.htmlBg : null;
+  const srcBodyBg = pv?.bodyBg && pv.bodyBg !== TRANSPARENT_BG ? pv.bodyBg : null;
+  return srcHtmlBg ?? (srcBodyBg ? null : "#ffffff");
+}
+
+/** `html { background: … }` rule, or empty string when html should stay transparent. */
+export function htmlBgRule(htmlBg: string | null): string {
+  return htmlBg !== null ? `html { background: ${htmlBg}; }\n` : "";
+}
+
 function generateGlobalsCss(ir: IR, fontGraph: FontGraph, tokensCss: string): string {
   const cw = ir.doc.canonicalViewport;
   const pv = ir.doc.perViewport[cw];
-  const htmlBg = pv?.htmlBg && pv.htmlBg !== "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" ? pv.htmlBg : (pv?.bodyBg ?? "#ffffff");
+  const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg(pv);
   // If the SOURCE page never scrolls horizontally (its scrollWidth fits the
   // viewport at every captured width), neither should the clone. JS-driven
   // widgets (custom-element carousels, sliders) position children off-axis via
@@ -2271,8 +2297,7 @@ ${fontGraph.css}
 ${tokensCss}
 
 /* page base */
-html { background: ${htmlBg}; }
-body { font-family: ${SYSTEM_FALLBACK}; }${clip}
+${htmlBgRule(htmlBg)}body { font-family: ${SYSTEM_FALLBACK}; }${clip}
 `;
 }
 
@@ -2643,7 +2668,7 @@ export function generateApp(input: GenerateInput, tokensCss: string): { pageTsx:
   if (tw) {
     const cw = ir.doc.canonicalViewport;
     const pv = ir.doc.perViewport[cw];
-    const htmlBg = pv?.htmlBg && pv.htmlBg !== "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" ? pv.htmlBg : (pv?.bodyBg ?? "#ffffff");
+    const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg(pv);
     const noHScroll = Object.entries(ir.doc.perViewport).every(([vp, d]) => d.scrollWidth <= Number(vp) * 1.03);
     const clip = noHScroll ? "\nhtml, body { overflow-x: clip; }" : "";
     const globals = tailwindGlobalsCss({

compiler/src/generate/tailwind.ts

@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ export function buildTailwind(ir: IR, assetMap: Map<string, string>, colorVar?:
  *  + breakpoint bindings, our token :root, and our reset/fonts/page-base inside @layer base
  *  so utilities override them. */
 export function tailwindGlobalsCss(opts: {
-  reset: string; fontCss: string; tokensCss: string; htmlBg: string; bodyFont: string;
+  reset: string; fontCss: string; tokensCss: string; htmlBg: string | null; bodyFont: string;
   clip: string; colorTokens: string[]; viewports: number[]; canonical: number;
 }): string {
   const screens = [
@@ -1301,8 +1301,7 @@ ${opts.tokensCss}
 ${opts.reset}
 /* fonts */
 ${opts.fontCss}
-html { background: ${opts.htmlBg}; }
-body { font-family: ${opts.bodyFont}; }${opts.clip}
+${opts.htmlBg !== null ? `html { background: ${opts.htmlBg}; }\n` : ""}body { font-family: ${opts.bodyFont}; }${opts.clip}
 }
 `;
 }

compiler/src/site/generateSite.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { generateCss, RESET_CSS } from "../generate/css.js";
 import { generateInteractionCss } from "../generate/interactionCss.js";
 import { buildRuntimeSpecs, wiresJsx, dittoWireImportPath, DITTO_WIRE_TSX, interactionRejectedSet } from "../generate/interactive.js";
 import { buildLottieSpec, lottieHasContent, lottieWireJsx, dittoLottieImportPath, DITTO_LOTTIE_TSX } from "../generate/lottie.js";
-import { renderChildrenJsx, renderAttrs, buildComponentRegistry, componentPreamble, componentFiles, componentImports, componentDataDecls, summarizeComponents, fileBase, generateViteConfig, generateViteIndexHtml, viteGlobalsCss, cnImportLine, CN_UTILS_MODULE, PACKAGE_JSON, PACKAGE_JSON_TW, PACKAGE_JSON_VITE, PACKAGE_JSON_VITE_TW, TSCONFIG_JSON, TSCONFIG_JSON_VITE, NEXT_CONFIG, injectLottieDep, type AppFramework, type LinkRewrite, type ExtractedComponent, type RenderCtx } from "../generate/app.js";
+import { renderChildrenJsx, renderAttrs, buildComponentRegistry, componentPreamble, componentFiles, componentImports, componentDataDecls, summarizeComponents, fileBase, generateViteConfig, generateViteIndexHtml, viteGlobalsCss, cnImportLine, resolveHtmlBg, htmlBgRule, CN_UTILS_MODULE, PACKAGE_JSON, PACKAGE_JSON_TW, PACKAGE_JSON_VITE, PACKAGE_JSON_VITE_TW, TSCONFIG_JSON, TSCONFIG_JSON_VITE, NEXT_CONFIG, injectLottieDep, type AppFramework, type LinkRewrite, type ExtractedComponent, type RenderCtx } from "../generate/app.js";
 import { buildTailwind, tailwindGlobalsCss, createColorInterner, colorDefsCssOf, type TailwindOutput } from "../generate/tailwind.js";
 import type { InteractionCapture } from "../capture/interactions.js";
 import type { IRChild } from "../normalize/ir.js";
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ function unionFontCss(routes: RouteArtifact[]): string {
 
 /** Shared page-base bits (entry html background + overflow-x clip) — same rationale as
  *  single-page generation; used by both the plain-CSS and Tailwind globals. */
-function pageBaseOf(entry: RouteArtifact): { htmlBg: string; clip: string } {
+function pageBaseOf(entry: RouteArtifact): { htmlBg: string | null; clip: string } {
   const cw = entry.ir.doc.canonicalViewport;
   const pv = entry.ir.doc.perViewport[cw];
-  const htmlBg = pv?.htmlBg && pv.htmlBg !== "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" ? pv.htmlBg : (pv?.bodyBg ?? "#ffffff");
+  const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg(pv);
   const noHScroll = Object.entries(entry.ir.doc.perViewport).every(([vp, d]) => d.scrollWidth <= Number(vp) * 1.03);
   return { htmlBg, clip: noHScroll ? "\nhtml, body { overflow-x: clip; }" : "" };
 }
@@ -112,8 +112,7 @@ ${paletteCss}
 ${tokensToCss(entry.tokens, true)}
 
 /* page base */
-html { background: ${htmlBg}; }
-body { font-family: ${SYSTEM_FALLBACK}; }${clip}
+${htmlBgRule(htmlBg)}body { font-family: ${SYSTEM_FALLBACK}; }${clip}
 `;
 }
 

compiler/test/htmlBg.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { describe, it } from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { resolveHtmlBg, htmlBgRule } from "../src/generate/app.js";
+
+// Regression: when the source layers a full-bleed backdrop at z-index<0 behind a
+// body-propagated canvas background, emitting an opaque `html { background }`
+// flips CSS 2.1 §14.2 background propagation and buries that backdrop under the
+// body box. `html` must only paint when the SOURCE html actually painted.
+describe("resolveHtmlBg — source-faithful canvas propagation", () => {
+  it("transparent html + colored body → no html background (body propagates to canvas)", () => {
+    const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg({ htmlBg: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)", bodyBg: "rgb(246, 244, 238)" });
+    assert.equal(htmlBg, null);
+    assert.equal(htmlBgRule(htmlBg), "");
+  });
+
+  it("colored html → html background kept", () => {
+    const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg({ htmlBg: "rgb(10, 20, 30)", bodyBg: "rgb(246, 244, 238)" });
+    assert.equal(htmlBg, "rgb(10, 20, 30)");
+    assert.equal(htmlBgRule(htmlBg), "html { background: rgb(10, 20, 30); }\n");
+  });
+
+  it("both transparent → #ffffff fallback (never a UA-default canvas)", () => {
+    const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg({ htmlBg: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)", bodyBg: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" });
+    assert.equal(htmlBg, "#ffffff");
+    assert.equal(htmlBgRule(htmlBg), "html { background: #ffffff; }\n");
+  });
+
+  it("missing perViewport entry → #ffffff fallback", () => {
+    const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg(undefined);
+    assert.equal(htmlBg, "#ffffff");
+  });
+
+  it("undefined html + colored body (only body captured) → no html rule", () => {
+    // Body-only styling is the common case the old fallback existed for; it must
+    // still leave html transparent so the body color reaches the canvas.
+    const htmlBg = resolveHtmlBg({ bodyBg: "rgb(0, 0, 0)" });
+    assert.equal(htmlBg, null);
+  });
+
+  it("deterministic: identical input yields identical output", () => {
+    const pv = { htmlBg: "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)", bodyBg: "rgb(1, 2, 3)" };
+    assert.equal(resolveHtmlBg(pv), resolveHtmlBg({ ...pv }));
+  });
+});